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 Data Sheet No. PD94698
IRU3072
20-PIN SYNCHRONOUS PWM CONTROLLER/ 3 LDO CONTROLLER FEATURES
Synchronous Controller plus 3-LDO controllers Current Limit using MOSFET Sensing Dual Soft-Start Function allows power sequencing Single 5V/12V Supply Operation Programmable Switching Frequency up to 400KHz Fixed Frequency Voltage Mode 1A Peak Output Drive Capability
DESCRIPTION
The IRU3072 controller IC is designed to provide a low cost synchronous Buck regulator for on-board DC to DC converter for multi-output applications. The outputs can be programmed as low as 0.8V for low voltage applications. The IRU3072 features dual soft-starts which allows power sequencing between outputs. Over current limit is provided by using external MOSFET's on-resistance for optimum cost and performance. This device features a programmable frequency set from 200KHz to 400KHz, under-voltage lockout for all input supplies, dual external programmable soft-start functions as well as output under-voltage detection that latches off the device when an output short is detected.
APPLICATIONS
Graphic Card DDR memory source sink VTT application Applications with Multiple Outputs Low cost on-board DC to DC such as 5V to 3.3V, 2.5V or 1.8V Hard Disk Drive
TYPICAL APPLICATION
3.3V
Q1
VSEN33 / SDB
R1 C2 10uF 2.15K R2 1K
Vcc
C1 1uF
+5V
Drv2 Fb2 VccLDO
VOUT2
2.5V
C3 1uF
Q2
VOUT3
1.8V C4 10uF
R3 1.25K R4 1K
Drv3 Fb3 Vc
D1 L1
U1 IRU3072
Drv4 Fb4 HDrv OCSet
C5 1uF
C6 0.1uF
1uH
C7 2x 47uF,16V
VIN=12V
C8 10uF
Q3
VOUT4
1.5V C9 10uF
R5 866V R6 1K
Q4 IRF7460 R7 6.81K Q5 IRF7460 L2 1uH
C10 220pF R8 3.3K C11 15nF R9 46.4K C13 0.1uF
VOUT1
1.2V @ 8A C12 3x 330uF, 40m V 6TPB330M, Poscap R10 499V
Comp Rt SS1
LDrv
Fb1 PGnd
R11 1K
C14 33nF
SSLDO Gnd
Figure 1 - Typical application of IRU3072.
PACKAGE ORDER INFORMATION
TA (C) 0 To 70
Rev. 1.0 3/25/04
DEVICE IRU3072CH
PACKAGE 20-Pin MLPQ 4x4 (H)
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IRU3072
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Vcc and VccLDO Supply Voltage .............................. Vc Supply Voltage .................................................... Storage Temperature Range ...................................... Operating Junction Temperature Range .....................
CAUTION: For all pins, voltage should not be below -0.5V. CAUTION: Stresses above those listed in "Absolute Maximum Ratings" may cause permanent damage to the device.
25V 25V -65C To 150C 0C To 125C
PACKAGE INFORMATION
20-PIN MLPQ 4x4 (H)
SSLDO
uJA=468C/W
SS1
16 15 14 13 12 11
Fb4
Fb3
19
20
18
Fb2
17
Drv4 Drv3 Drv2 VccLDO Vcc
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Comp Fb1 Rt VSEN33/SDB OCSet
PGnd
Gnd
ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Unless otherwise specified, the typical specification value applies over Vcc=5V, Vc=12V, VccLDO=5V and TA=25C. the Min and Max limits apply to the temperature range from 0 to 70C. Low duty cycle pulse testing is used which keeps junction and case temperatures equal to the ambient temperature. PARAMETER SYM TEST CONDITION Feedback Voltage Feedback Voltage VFB Fb Voltage Line Regulation LREG 5Rev. 1.0 3/25/04
HDrv
LDrv
Vc
3.8 3.2 2.25 1.17 0.3
14 14 8 5
2
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IRU3072
PARAMETER Soft-Start Section Charge Current Error Amp Fb Voltage Input Bias Current Fb Voltage Input Bias Current Transconductance Oscillator Frequency Ramp Amplitude Output Drivers Rise Time Fall Time Dead Band Time 1 Dead Band Time 2 SYM TEST CONDITION MIN 15 TYP 25 0.1 35 500 170 340 900 200 400 1.27 50 50 50 20 85 115 50 92 0 60 0.8 0.5 150 30 0 MAX 35 1 75 1300 230 460 UNITS mA mA mA mmho KHz VPP 100 100 150 100 99 ns ns ns ns % % mA V mA 8C mA mV
SS IB1,IB2 SS1=SS2=0V IFB1 IFB2 SS1=3V SS1=0V
Freq VRAMP Tr Tf TDB
Rt=100K Rt=39K Note 1 CLOAD=3000pF (10% to 90%) Vcc=12V CLOAD=3000pF (90% to 10%), Vcc=12V Vcc=12V, CLOAD=3000pF HDrv falls,LDrv rises Vcc=12V, CLOAD=3000pF LDrv falls, HDrv rises Fb=0.7V, Freq=200KHz Fb=0.9V
DMAX Max Duty Cycle DMIN Min Duty Cycle LDO Controller Section Drive Current Drv2, 3 and 4 Fb Voltage Input Bias Current Thermal Shutdown Note 1 Current Limit IOCSET OC Threshold Set Current VOC(OFFSET) OC Comp Off-Set Voltage Note 1: Guaranteed by design but not tested in production.
40 0.784
0.816 2
23 -7
37 +7
PIN DESCRIPTIONS
PIN# 1 2 3 4 5 PIN SYMBOL PIN DESCRIPTION Drv4 Outputs of the linear regulator controllers. Drv3 Drv2 VccLDO This pin provides power for the LDO controllers. Vcc This pin provides biasing for the internal blocks of the IC as well as power for the low side driver. A minimum of 1mF, high frequency capacitor must be connected from this pin to ground to provide peak drive current capability. LDrv Output driver for the synchronous power MOSFET. Gnd This pin serves as the ground pin and must be connected directly to the ground plane. A high frequency capacitor (0.1 to 1mF) must be connected from Vcc, Vc and VccLDO pins to this pin for noise free operation. PGnd This pin serves as the separate ground for MOSFET's driver and should be connected to system's ground plane. HDrv Output driver for the high side power MOSFET. Connect a diode, such as BAT54 or 1N4148, from this pin to ground for the application when the inductor current goes negative (Source/ Sink), soft-start at no load and for the fast load transient from full load to no load. www.irf.com
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PIN# 10 PIN SYMBOL PIN DESCRIPTION Vc This pin is connected to a voltage that must be at least 4V higher than the bus voltage of the switcher (assuming 5V threshold MOSFET) and powers the high side output driver. A minimum of 1mF, high frequency capacitor must be connected from this pin to ground to provide peak drive current capability. OCSet This pin is connected to the Drain of the synchronous MOSFET and it provides the positive sensing for the internal current sensing circuitry. An external resistor programs the current sense (CS) threshold depending on the RDS of the power MOSFET. VSEN33/SDB This pin is used to monitor the 3.3V rail. This pin can be pulled-low to shutdown the outputs. Rt This pin sets the switching frequency with a resistor to Gnd. Fb1 This pin is connected directly to the output of the switching regulator via resistor divider to provide feedback to the Error amplifier. Comp Compensation pin of the error amplifier. An external resistor and capacitor network is typically connected from this pin to ground to provide loop compensation. SS1 This pin provides soft-start for the switching regulator. An internal current source charges an external capacitor that is connected from this pin to ground which ramps up the output of the switching regulator, preventing it from overshooting as well as limiting the input current. SSLDO This pin provides soft-start for the LDO controllers. An internal current source charges an external capacitor that is connected from this pin to ground which ramps up the output of the LDO controller, preventing it from overshooting as well as limiting the input current. Fb2 These pins provide feedback for the linear regulator controllers. Fb3 Fb4
11
12 13 14 15 16
17
18 19 20
4
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Rev. 1.0 3/25/04
IRU3072
BLOCK DIAGRAM
VSEN33 / SDB
12 Bias Generator 20uA 64uA Max 64uA Max 64uA Max Vcc
1.27V / 1.2V 4.2V / 4.0V 3.5V / 3.3V 2.5V / 2.35V
3V 1.27V 0.8V
POR UVLO
SSLDO 3V
17 Vc 20uA 64uA Max VccLDO
13 10 Rt Oscillator 9
Rt Vc HDrv
SS1 POR
16
Ct
Enbl
S Q R
Reset Dom 5
Comp 0.8V Fb1 3V OCSet
15 25K Error Amp
Error Comp
Vcc
25K 14 0.4V 20uA 8 CS Comp 11 64uA3 25K=1.6V When SS=0 FbLo Comp 7 POR 6
LDrv
PGnd
Gnd
VccLDO
4 0.8V 3 25K
Drv2
Fb2
18
2 25K
Drv3
Fb3
19
1
Fb4
25K 20
Drv4
Figure 2 - Simplified block diagram of the IRU3072.
Rev. 1.0 3/25/04
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IRU3072
TYPICAL APPLICATION
3.3V
Q1
VSEN33 / SDB
R1 C2 10uF 2.15K R2 1K
Vcc
C1 1uF
+5V
Drv2 Fb2 VccLDO
VOUT2
2.5V
C3 1uF
Q2
VOUT3
1.8V C4 10uF
R3 1.25K R4 1K
Drv3 Fb3 Vc
D1 L1
U1 IRU3072
Drv4 Fb4 HDrv
C5 1uF
C6 0.1uF
1uH C7 2x 47uF,16V
VIN=12V
C8 10uF
Q3
VOUT4
1.5V C9 10uF C10
R5 866V R6 1K
Q4 IRF7460 R7 L2 1uH Q5 IRF7460
220pF R8 3.3K C11 15nF R9 46.4K
OCSet
6.81K
VOUT1
1.2V @ 8A C12 3x 330uF, 40mV 6TPB330M, Poscap R10 499V
Comp Rt SS1
LDrv
Fb1 PGnd
R11 1K
C13 0.1uF
C14 33nF
SSLDO Gnd
PARTS LIST Ref Desig Description Q1,Q2,Q3 MOSFET MOSFET Q4,Q5 Controller U1 Schottky Diode D1 Inductor L1 Inductor L2 Capacitor C1,C3 C2,C4,C9 Capacitor Capacitor C5 Capacitor C6,C13 Capacitor C7 Capacitor C8 Capacitor C10 Capacitor C11 Capacitor C12 Capacitor C14 Resistor R1 R2,R4,R6 Resistor Resistor R3 Resistor R5 Resistor R7 Resistor R8 Resistor R9 Resistor R10 Resistor R11
Figure 3 - Typical application of IRU3072. Value Qty Part# 30V, 65mV, 22A 3 IRLR2703 20V, 10mV, 12A 2 IRF7460 Synchronous PWM 1 IRU3072 0.2A, 30V 1 BAT54S 1mH, 2A 1 DS1608C-102 1mH 1 DO3316P-102HC 1mF, Y5V, 16V 2 ECJ-2VF1C105Z 10mF 3 1mF, X7R, 25V 1 ECJ-3YB1E105K 0.1mF, Y5V, 25V 2 ECJ-2VF1E104Z 47mF, 16V 2 16TPB47M 10mF 1 220pF, X7R 1 ECU-V1H221KB 15nF 1 ECJ-2VB1H153K 330mF, 6.3V, 40mV 3 6TPB330M 33nF, X7R 1 ECJ-2VB1H333K 2.15K, 1% 1 1K, 1% 3 1.25K, 1% 1 866V, 1% 1 6.81K, 1% 1 3.3K, 1% 1 46.4K, 1% 1 499V, 1% 1 1K, 1% 1 www.irf.com Manuf Web site (www.) IR irf.com IR IR IR Coilcraft coilcraft.com Coilcraft Panasonic maco.panasonic.co.jp Panasonic Panasonic Sanyo Any Panasonic Panasonic Sanyo Panasonic Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any
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IRU3072
APPLICATION INFORMATION
The IRU3072 controller IC is designed to provide a low cost synchronous Buck regulator for on-board DC to DC converter as well as three linear regulator controllers. It is specially designed for multiple output applications. The outputs can be programmed as low as 0.8V. The IRU3072 provides two separate soft-starts. It not only allows different output power sequences, but also allows shutdown of LDO and PWM output regulators individually. The IRU3072 provides cycle-by-cycle current limit and output feedback under-voltage lockout. Power Sequence and Under-Voltage Lockout For correct operation, proper power sequence should be ensured. Typically, there are four or five input voltages involved. Vcc: IC biasing voltage. VSEN33: LDO Input voltage, for example 3.3V VccLDO: Input biasing voltage for IRU3072 internal LDO controller. VBUS: Input voltage for synchronous buck converter. Vc: Input biasing voltage for IRU3072 internal high side MOSFET drivers. The power sequence should be proper such that softstart capacitors (for both LDO and PWM) start to be linearly charged up right after the above five voltages enter into steady state, as shown in the following figure. The IRU3072 senses four voltages with under-voltage lockout (UVLO) block. The voltages Vcc, Vc and VccLDO are sensed through the UVLO block. The LDO input voltage can be sensed through pin VSEN33. Although synchronous bus voltage (VBUS) is not sensed, in practical, it can be sensed indirectly. Typically, only two or three input voltages are available. Some of the five input voltages have to either share or be generated by another method such as charge pump. One example of IRU3072 application with only two input voltages, 5V and 3.3V, is shown in figure 5. In this example: VBUS = Vcc = 5V Vc = VccLDO created by charge pump VSEN33 = 3.3V The IRU3072 will sense all four voltages to ensure all these voltages enter into steady state before the softstart capacitor is charged up. The operation waveforms are shown in Figure 6.
VSEN33 / SDB 3.3V
U1 IRU3072
Drv2 Fb2
Vcc
UVLO
VccLDO L1 Vc VBUS=5V
C6
Input Voltage VCC,VCCLDO, VBUS,Vc, etc
UVLO Threshold Voltage
Soft-Start HDrv R7 OCSet LDrv SSLDO Q5 Q4 L2 VOUT1 C10
Soft-Start Voltage for PWM V SS
SS1
Soft-Start Voltage for LDO VSSLDO
Figure 5 - IRU3072 application with only two power inputs: 5V and 3.3V.
Figure 4 - Desired power sequence.
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IRU3072
The soft-start operation can ensure the output voltage ramps up to the regulated voltage without surge of the current. The IRU3072 also has an output feedback UVLO block, which will turn off both high side and low side MOSFET driver when the voltage at pin Fb1,Fb2,Fb3 or Fb4 is below 0.4V. The feedback UVLO is used to protect the system when the output is in short circuit. However, during the power on of the buck converter, the output of buck converter starts from zero and the voltage at pin Fb1 will be below 0.4V. The feedback UVLO should be disabled when soft-start capacitor voltage ramps up and down. This is achieved by injecting a current into the Fb1 pin (also Fb2, Fb3 and Fb4) during the soft-start and the magnitude of this current is inversely proportional to the voltage at soft-start pin (SS or SSLDO). The diagram is shown in Figure 7 and operation waveforms are shown in Figure 8. The operation principle is as follows: Initially, the buck converter's output voltage and the voltage at pin Fb1 are both zero. The voltage at soft-start pin "SS" is almost zero and about 64mA current will inject to the pin of Fb1 through a 25KV internal resistor. The voltage at the negative input of Error Amplifier and the positive input of the feedback UVLO comparator is approximately: 64mA325KV = 1.6V
3V 20uA HDrv
Figure 6 - Power sequence. If there are three input voltage sources available, such as 3.3V, 5V and 12V, the possible connections to ensure proper operation are shown in the following table. Option 1 2 3 4 more Vcc 5V 5V 12V 12V VBUS 5V 12V 12V 5V Vc 12V CP CP 12V VccLDO LDO Input 12V 3.3V 12V 3.3V 12V 3.3V 12V 3.3V
Table: Possible combination of input voltage source connections to ensure proper start-up operation. (CP refers to Charge Pump)
SS1
There are many possible combinations of input voltage source connections and the table above lists only a few of them. Most importantly for a proper power sequence, the soft-start capacitor has to be charged up after all the input voltage sources are established. Soft-Start One of the useful features of IRU3072 is that it allows different start-up times for PWM output and LDO output by programming two separate soft-start capacitors. Figure 7 just shows the soft-start for PWM section.
64uA Max
POR Comp
25K
Error Amp
LDrv
0.8V
25K
Fb1
0.4V
64uA325K=1.6V When SS=0
POR Feeback UVLO Comp
Figure 7 - IRU3072 soft-start diagram.
8
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Rev. 1.0 3/25/04
IRU3072
Output of UVLO POR 3V
2V 1V
Soft-Start Voltage Current flowing into Fb1 pin 0V 64uA 0uA
From the above analysis, the output start up time is the period when soft-start capacitor voltage increases from 1V to 2V. The start up time will be dependent on the size of the external soft-start capacitor. The start up time can be estimated by: 20mA3tSTART/CSS 2V-1V For a given start up time, the soft-start capacitor can be estimated as: CSS 20mA3tSTART/1V ---(1)
Voltage at negative input 1.6V of Error Amp and Feedback UVLO comparator
0.8V
0.8V 0V
Voltage at Fb1 pin
For 5ms start up time, a 0.1mF soft-start capacitor is required. In practice, the 20mA current will slightly decrease as the soft-start voltage goes up. Therefore, for a 0.1mF soft-start capacitor, start up time may be slightly longer, e.g. 6ms. The soft-start waveforms are shown in Figure 9. In this figure, the start up time for the buck converter VOUT1 and LDOs is different by selecting separate soft-start capacitors. For PWM: CSS = 0.1mF, tSTART 5ms For LDOs: CSSLDO = 33nF, tSTART 2ms
Figure 8 - Theoretical operation waveforms during soft-start. When the power voltage such as Vcc go into steady state and the output of voltage UVLO "POR" goes high, a 20uA current source charges the external soft-start capacitors. The soft-start voltage ramps up. In the mean time, the current flowing into pin Fb1 starts to decrease linearly and so does the voltage at the positive pin of feedback UVLO comparator and the voltage at the negative input of Error amplifier. When the soft-start capacitor voltage is around 1V, the current flowing into the Fb1 pin is approximately 32mA. The voltage at the positive input of the Error amplifier is approximately: 32mA325KV = 0.8V The Error Amplifier will start to operate and the output voltage starts to increase. As the soft-start capacitor voltage continues to go up, the current flowing into the Fb1 pin will keep decreasing. Because the voltage at pin of Error Amplier is regulated to reference voltage 0.8V, the voltage at the Fb1 pin is: VFB1 = 0.8V-25KV3(Injecting Current) The feedback voltage increases linearly as the injecting current goes down. The injecting current drops to zero when soft-start voltage is around 2V and the output voltage goes into steady state. Figure 8 shows that the voltage at the positive pin of feedback UVLO comparator is always higher than 0.4V, therefore, feedback UVLO is not functional during softstart.
Figure 9 - Soft-start of buck converter (PWM) and LDO. Shutdown The PWM output and LDO output can be turned on and off individually by pulling up and down the corresponding soft start capacitors.
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IRU3072
(a). Shutdown and start up PWM output by controlling soft start SS1. LDO output such as Vout2 will not be affected.
Figure 11 - Operation waveforms when PWM converter is shutdown by pulling down the soft-start capacitor. Both PWM output and LDO output can be shutdown by pulling the pin VSEN33/SDB down. One example is shown as follows.
External Shutdown VSEN33 / SDB 4.7K 3.3V
U1 IRU3072
Drv2 Fb2
Vcc
UVLO
VccLDO L1 Vc VBUS=5V
(b). Shutdown and start up LDO output by controlling soft-start SSLDO. PWM output VOUT1 will not be affected. Figure 10 - Shutdown PWM or LDO by controlling soft-start. One issue related to shutdown of PWM output by pulling down the soft-start, there is a small negative voltage shown in the output during the shutdown. It is because the low side MOSFET driver is on when the soft-start capacitor voltage is pulling down. The output inductor resonates with output capacitor and load. This occurs especially often when output current is small (light load or no load condition). The operation waveforms are shown as follows.
C6
Soft-Start
HDrv R7 OCSet LDrv
Q4
L2
VOUT1 C10
Q5
SS1
SSLDO
Figure 12 - External shutdown by using pin VSEN33/SDB.
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IRU3072
The LDO and PWM output can be shutdown by using a transistor to pull down the pin VSEN33/SDB as shown in Figure 12. Because the VSEN33/SDB pin also senses the LDO input voltage for the power UVLO block, a high impedance resistor such as 4.7K has to be inserted between VSEN33/SDB pin and the input of LDO such as 3.3V. The input voltage UVLO operation will not be affected due to the high input impedance nature of VSEN33/SDB pin. The operation waveforms is shown as follows:
3V VBUS Q1 RSET OCSet Enb Oscillator Q2 L VOUT
IRU3072
20uA CS Comp
S Q R
LDrv Rf1 Fb1 Rf2 0.4V Err Comp HDrv
Figure 14 - IRU3072 current limit diagram. The operation is illustrated in Figure 15.
Feedback VREF voltage 0.4V
Figure 13 - Shutdown by pulling down pin VSEN33/SDB. One feature of shutdown by pulling down VSEN33/SDB is that there is no negative voltage shown in the buck converter output because both high side and low side MOSFET drivers are off after shutdown. Over Current Protection The IRU3072 over current protection is achieved with a cycle-by-cycle current limit and an output voltage undervoltage lockout scheme. The diagram is shown in Figure 14. It includes an over current comparator and an output voltage UVLO comparator. The current is sensed through the RDS(ON) of the low side MOSFET. A resistor, RSET, is connected from OCSet pin to the drain of the low side MOSFET in order to set the over-current limit. When the low side MOSFET Q2 is ON, the inductor current flows through MOSFET Q2. The voltage at OCSet pin is given as: VOCSet =20mA3RSET-iL3RDS(ON) When voltage VOCSet is below zero, the current sensing comparator flips and disables the oscillator. The high side MOSFET is turned off and the low side MOSFET is on until the inductor currents reduces to below current setting value. The critical inductor current can be calculated by setting: VOCSet = 20mA3RSET-iL3RDS(ON) = 0 ISET = iL(critical) = 20mA3RSET/RDS(ON)
Rev. 1.0 3/25/04
Switching frequency
FS(NOM)
IOUT
High Side MOSFET turn on time (tON)
VOUT FS(NOM)3VIN
IOUT DMAX FS(NOM) IOUT
=IOUT Average Inductor Current IO(NOM) IO(LIM) IOUT Shutdown by UVLO
Normal Over Current operation Limit Mode
Figure 15 - Operation of IRU3072 current limit and UVLO. During the normal operation mode, the synchronous buck converter operates in fixed frequency FS(NOM), which is the normal operation switching frequency and it is determined by the external resistor Rt. The output voltage is regulated to the desired voltage and the feedback voltage is equal to the reference voltage VREF. The turn on time of the high side MOSFET is given as: tON(normal) D3TS(NOM) = VOUT/(FS(NOM)3VIN)
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IRU3072
As the load current goes up, the inductor current increases and the high side MOSFET's turn on time increases a little due to the voltage drop across the high side MOSFET R DS(ON). As the output current increases to limit current, IL=IO(LIM), which is set by the resistor RSET. The buck converter will go into cycle-by-cycle current limit mode. The operation waveforms of IRU3072 during cycle-by-cycle current mode is shown in Figure 16.
iL(VALLEY) iL(PEAK)
Inductor Current
iL(AVG) ISET
From Figure 16, first, the high side MOSFET is on for tON period and the inductor current increases during this time. Then, the high side MOSFET is off and low side MOSFET is on. Because the inductor current is higher than the critical inductor current ISET, the current sensing comparator goes high and the low side MOSFET keeps on. The inductor current is discharged by the output voltage. When the inductor current is below setting current or critical current ISET, the current sensing comparator goes low and enables the oscillator. The high side MOSFET is turned on again and next cycle starts. The operation frequency is only dependent on the current sensing comparator and the internal clock frequency is modified by current limit. In conclusion, from Figures 15 and 16, two big differences exist between normal operation and current limit mode. First, during current limit mode, the valley inductor current is determined by ISET. ISET = iL(VALLEY) Second, in Figures 15 and 16, the frequency in current limit mode, is lower than normal operation frequency.
Current Limit Comparator Output Internal Clock MOSFET Driver HDrv D3TS(NOM) TS(NOM)
In general, the output current is represented by: IOUT = iL(AVG)=iL(VALLEY)+DIPK_PK/2 Where DIPK_PK is the peak to peak inductor current ripple which is given by:
(a) Normal operation.
Internal Clock at normal operation Internal Clock at current limit Inductor iL(PEAK) iL(AVG) Current ISET=iL(VALLEY)
DIPK_PK = iL(PK)-iL(VALLEY) = (VIN-VOUT)3tON/L Figure 15 shows that the operation frequency of the buck converter decreases as output current goes up during current limit mode. The on time of high side MOSFET is controlled by the output voltage loop so that the voltage at Fb pin, still equals the reference voltage, VFB=VREF. The output voltage is regulated to the desired voltage. As a result: tON = VO(NOM)/VIN/FS
tOFF
Current Limit Comparator Output High Side MOSFET Driver HDrv tON
IOUT(Current Limit Mode) = ISET +
(VIN-VO(NOM))3VO(NOM) (23L3VIN3Fs)
(b). Operation at current limit mode. Figure 16 - Cycle-by-Cycle operation when IRU3072 is in over-current limit mode. Where VO(NOM) is the nominal output voltage and it is determined by the feedback resistor and reference voltage as shown in Figure 14. The above equation indicates that the operation frequency is inversely proportional to the output current during the current limit mode. For practical application, the most important is setting up the over current limit threshold. From Figure 15, at the current limit threshold IO(LIM), the frequency is still equal to nominal operation frequency.
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IRU3072
FS = FS(NOM) Therefore, the output current limit threshhold is set by: IOUT(LIM) = ISET + Where: DIPK_PK(LIM) = (VIN-VO(NOM))3VO(NOM) (VIN3FS(NOM)3L) DIPK_PK(LIM) 2
From equation (2), the over current limit set resistor can be calculated by: RSET = ISET3RDS(ON) 20mA (a). Normal operation.
RSET = (IOUT(LIM)-DIPK_PK(LIM)/2)3RDS(ON)/20mA ---(3) Where RDS(ON) has to choose the maximum over the temperature for the selected MOSFET. Overall, the profile of current limit operation is shown in Figure 17.
Normal Operation FS(NOM) Switching Frequency Over Current Limit Mode Shutdown by UVLO
ISET
IO(LIM)
IO(MAX)
IOUT
Select inductor L, frequency FS(NOM), IO(LIM) (VIN-VO(NOM))3 VO(NOM) VIN3 L3 FS(NOM)
Calculate: IPK_PK(LIM) =
(b). Current limit mode. Figure 18 - Operation waveforms during normal and current limit mode.
Set: ISET = IO(LIM)-IPK_PK/2 Select: RSET = ISET3 RDS(ON)/20m A Figure 17 - Profile of operation switching frequency versus output current.
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IRU3072
450 400 350 Frequency (KHz) 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 2 4 Iout (A) 6 8 10
Fs(measured) Fs(predicted)
Figure 19 - Profile of switching frequency versus output current -predicted and measured. Figure 18 (a) shows normal operation waveforms for a 12V input 1.6V output 400KHz buck regulator. During normal operation, the switching frequency is 400KHz. Figure 18 (b) shows the operation waveforms during current limit mode. The switching frequency is reduced and output ripple increases. Figure 19 shows the profile of switching frequency versus output current. When the output current goes up and hit the over current limit, the switching frequency starts to decreases. Due to the output voltage loop, the output voltage will keep the regulation except the ripple increases. As the output current keeps going up. The output voltage will start to decrease until the feedback voltage Fb is under 0.4V. The output voltage under lockout takes over and turns off both high side and low side MOSFET. The output voltage reduces to zero. Output Feedback UVLO Besides the cycle-by-cycle current limit, an output feedback UVLO is included in the IRU3072 for the output short protection. The diagram is shown in Figure 14. If the output is short or overload, once the voltage at the Fb1 pin is below 0.4V, the output feedback UVLO comparator will flip and turn off both high side and low side MOSFETs. The output of converter will decrease to zero. The operation when PWM output is in short circuit condition is shown in Figure 20. If either PWM or LDO output is in short condition, it will turn off all outputs. The operation waveforms are shown in Figures 21 and 22. Figure 23 shows a soft-start operation when the output is short. Because of current limit and output feedback UVLO, the output will be turned off and the system protected.
Figure 20 - Operation waveforms when output of buck converter is short to ground. The output UVLO senses the four feedback pin voltages Fb1,Fb2,Fb3,Fb4. If any of the feedback voltages are below 0.4V, all four outputs will be shutdown.
Figure 21 - Operation of PWM output and LDO when PWM output is short to ground.
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IRU3072
Design Example
Input voltage for buck converter: VIN=12V Output voltage for buck converter: VOUT=1.2V Nominal output current from switching regulator: IOUT=8A Output current limit is 10A. Switching frequency: FS=400KHz The maximum dynamic output voltage droop at 8A step load is 150mV. LDO specification LDO input voltage: VIN(LDO)=3.3V LDO output1: VOUT2=2.5V @ 2A LDO output2: VOUT3=1.8V @ 2A LDO output3: VOUT4=1.5V @ 2A Figure 22 - Operation of PWM output and LDO when LDO VOUT2 is short. Output inductor selection The inductor is selected based on the inductor current ripple, operation frequency and efficiency consideration. In general, a large inductor results in a small output ripple and higher efficiency but large size. A small value inductor causes large current ripple and poor efficiency but small size. Generally, the inductor is selected based on the output current ripple. The optimum point is usually found between 20% and 50% ripple of output inductor current. Suppose the ripple is selected as 40% of the total output current. DIPK_PK/IOUT = 40% The current ripple is calculated as: DIPK_PK = (VIN-VOUT)3VOUT/(L3FS3VIN) Figure 23 - Soft-start with output is short to ground. Switching frequency The switching frequency of IRU3072 can be selected by the following figure.
500 450 400
Frequency (KHz)
Combining of above two equations, the inductance can be selected by: L > VOUT3(VIN-VOUT)/(FS3VIN340%3IOUT) In this example, L > 1.2V3(12 - 1.2)/(400KHz312V30.438A) L > 0.8mH Select inductor from Panasonic so that L=1mH. The ripple current is calculated as: DIPK_PK = (12 - 1.2)31.2/(1mH3400KHz312) DIPK_PK 2.7A
350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 50
Rt (KV) V
100
150
200
Figure 24 - Switching frequency versus resistor Rt.
Rev. 1.0 3/25/04
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15
IRU3072
Output capacitor selection The voltage rating of the output capacitor is the same as the output voltage. Typical available capacitors on the market are electrolytic, tantalum and ceramic. If electrolytic or tantalum capacitors are employed, the criteria is normally based on the value of Effective Series Resistance (ESR) of total output capacitor. In most cases, the ESR of the output capacitor is calculated based on the following relationship: ESR < DVRIPPLE(SPEC)/DIPK_PK or ESR < DVSTEPLOAD(SPEC)/DISTEPLOAD(MAX) Depending on which one is the requirement. Where: DVRIPPLE(SPEC) is the maximum allowed voltage ripple. DIPK_PK is the current ripple. DVSTEPLOAD(SPEC) is the maximum allowed voltage droop during the transient or step load. DISTEPLOAD(MAX) is the maximum step load current. In this example: DVSTEPLOAD(SPEC) = 150mV DISTEPLOAD(MAX) = 8A The required ESR is calculated as: ESR < 150mV/8A = 18.75mV Select three Sanyo POSCAP 6TPB330M with 6.3V 330mF and 40mV ESR will give about 13mV, which will meet the specification. Input capacitor Selection Input capacitor is dertermined by the voltage rating and input RMS current. For this application, the input RMS current is given as: IIN(RMS) = IOUT3 D3(1-D) D = VOUT/VIN = 1.2V/12V 0.1 The input RMS current is estimated as: IIN(RMS) = 8A3 0.13(1-0.1) 2.4A ment for each MOSFET is almost the same. If logiclevel or 3V driver MOSFET is used, some caution should be taken with devices at very low VGS to prevent undesired turn-on of the complementary MOSFET, which results a shoot-through circuit. If output inductor current ripple is neglected, the RMS current of high side switch is given by: D = VOUT/VIN = 0.1 IRMS(HI) = D3IOUT = 0.138A = 2.53A
The RMS current of low side switch is given as: IRMS(HI) = 1-D3IOUT = 1-0.138A = 7.6A
For low side MOSFET, if it is driven by 5V, a logic gate driver MOSFET is preferred. For RDS(ON) of the MOSFET, it should be as small as possible in order to get highest efficiency. A logic driver MOSFET such as IRF7460 from International Rectifier in a SOIC 8-pin package, RDS(ON)=10mV, 20V drain source voltage rating and 12A IDS is selected for high side and low side MOSFET. Power Dissipation for MOSFETs The power dissipation for MOSFETS typically includes conduction loss and switching losses. For high side switch, the conduction loss is estimated as: PCOND(HI) = D3IOUT3IOUT3RDS(ON)MAX The R DS(ON) has to consider the worst case. In the datasheet of IRF7460: RDS(ON)MAX = 14mV @ Vgs = 4.5V PCOND(HI) = 0.138A38A314mV 0.09W The switching loss is more difficult to calculate because of the parasitic parameters. In general, the switching loss can be estimated by the following: PSW = 0.53VDS3IOUT3(tr+tf)3FS tr is the rising time and tf is the falling time. From IRU3072 datasheet: tr=50ns and tf=50ns PSW(HI) = 0.5312V38A3(50ns+50ns)3400KHz PSW(HI) 1.92W The total disspation for the high side switch is: PD(HI) = PSW(HI)+PCOND(HI) 2W
Select two Sanyo POSCAP -16TPB47M with 16V, 47mF and 1.4A ripple current. A 1mH, 1A small input inductor is enough for the input filer. Power MOSFET Selection In general, the MOSFET selection criteria depends on the maximum drain-source voltage, RMS current and ON resistance (RDS(ON)). For both high side and low side MOSFETs, a drain-source voltage rating higher than maximum input voltage is necessary. In the demo-board, 20V rating should be satisfied. The gate drive require-
For low side switch, most of the loss are conduction loss. The low side switch power dissipation is: PD(LO) PCOND(LO) = (1-D)3IOUT3IOUT3RDS(ON)MAX PD(LO) PCOND(LO) = (1-0.1)38A38A314mV PD(LO) PCOND(LO) = 0.81W
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Rev. 1.0 3/25/04
IRU3072
Estimated Temperature Rise for MOSFET The estimated junction temperature of the MOSFET is given by: TJ = TA+PD3RuJA Where: TJ is the junction temperature. TA is the ambient temperature. PD is the power dissipation. RuJA is the junction-to-ambient thermal resistance with MOSFET on 1" square PCB board and is from the data sheet. For MOSFET IRF7460 with SOIC 8-pin package, RuJA=508C/W. Assume ambient temperature is TA=358C. For high side MOSFET, the junction temperature is given as: TJ = TA+PD3RuJA = 35+2350 = 1358C < 1508C For low side MOSFET IRF7460, the maximum junction temperature can be calculated as: TJ = TA+PD3RuJA = 35+0.81350 = 768C < 1508C The maximum junction temperature of both MOSFETs is below the maximum rating of 1508C. Controller Parameter Calculation (1) Frequency Selection From Figure 23, the frequency setting resistor can be chosen to be Rt=47KV, which gives us approximately 400KHz frequency. (2) Soft-Start Capacitor Soft-start capacitor for PWM secton is selected from equation (1). Select start up time tSTART=5ms: CSS = 20mA3tSTART = 20mA35ms = 0.1mF Select C11=CSS=0.1mF (3) Over Current Limit Setting The over current limit resistor can be calculated based on Figure 17. The output current limit is set by: IO(LIM) = 10A The current ripple during nomral operation (400KHz) is given by: DIPK_PK = (12-1.2)31.2/(1mH3400KHz312) DIPK_PK 2.7A The over current setting ISET is: ISET = IO(LIM)-DIPK_PK/2 = 10A-2.7A/2 8.7A The over current setting resistor: RSET = ISET3RDS(ON)/20mA
Rev. 1.0 3/25/04
For low side MOSFET IRF7460, with 4.5V gate voltage and maximum RDS(ON) of 14mV, then: RSET = 8.7A314mV/20mA = 6.09KV Select R7=RSET=6.8KV (4) Compensation Design
VOUT Rf1
IRU3072
VFB Error Amp gm 1V
Rf2
Cc1
Rc1
Comp
Cc2 (Optional)
Figure 25 - Type II compensator. For electrolytic capacitor, the frequency caused by ESR is typically at a few KHz range. A type II compensator is a good option. The detailed description is shown in application note AN-1043 from: http://www.irf.com/technical-info/appnotes.htm Select the zero crossover frequency to be 1/10 of switching frequency that is 40KHz: FO = 40KHz The compensation resistor can be calculated as: Rc1= 2p3FO3L3VOSC3VOUT (ESR3VIN3gm3VREF)
Where VOSC is the oscillator peak to peak voltage and gm is the transconductance of the error amplifier. From the datasheet we get VOSC=1.25V and gm=1000mmho. The calculated compensation resistor is: Rc1=2p3403131.2531.2/(133123100030.8) Rc1=2.98K Select R8=Rc1=3.3K The compensator capacitor is given as: Cc1 = (L3COUT)/0.75/Rc1
Cc1 = (1mH3450mF)/0.75/3.3K = 10nF Select C9=Cc1=15nF www.irf.com
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IRU3072
(Optional) an additional capacitor Cc2 can be adopted, where: Cc2 1/(p3Rc13FS) 220pF (5) Feedback resistor The output of PWM is determined by: VOUT = VREF3(RT+RB)/RB or RT = (VOUT/VREF-1)3RB Where VREF=0.8V RT is the top feedback resistor and R is bottom B feedback resistor.For 1.2V output, RT=499V, RB=1K. LDO Regulator Component Selection and LDO Power MOSFET Selection The first step in selecting the power MOSFET for the linear regulator is to select its maximum R DS(ON) based on the input to output dropout voltage and maximum load current. For VOUT2=2.5V, VIN(LDO)=3.3V and IOUT2=2A: RDS(ON)MAX = (VIN(LDO)-VOUT2)/IOUT2 RDS(ON)MAX = (3.3V-2.5V)/2.0A = 0.4V Note that the MOSFET's RDS(ON) increases with temperature, the calculated RDS(ON) has to be divided by the RDS(ON) temperature coefficienct (about 1.5) in order to get typical RDS(ON). IRLR2703s from Internation Rectifier with D2 package, 30V, VDS logic drive and 65mV is good enough to meet the requirement. To select the heat sink for the LDO MOSFET, the first step is to calculate the maximum power dissipation of the device: PD = (VIN(LDO)-VOUT)3IOUT PD = (3.3V-2.5V)32A = 1.4W The junction temperature of MOSFET can be estimated by the following formula: TJ = TA+PD3(RuJC+RuCS+RuSA) TJ should be < TJ(MAX) @ 1508C Where: TJ = the estimated junction temperature. TA = the ambient temperature. PD = the power disspation. RuJC = the thermal resistance from junction to case. RuCS = the thermal resistance from case to heat sink. RuSA = the thermal resistance from heat sink to ambient. The required thermal resistance of heat sink should be RuSA<(TJ-TA)/PD-RuJC-RuCS In this example, the MOSFET is mounted in the copper area more than 1 square inch. The estimated junction temperaure is: TJ=TA+PD3RuJA Where RuJA is the thermal resistance from junction to ambient with PCB mounted. For IRLR2703s, RuJA=508C/W, Assume: TA = 358C TJ = 35+1.5W3508C/W = 1108C < 1508C The thermal managment can meet the requirement. VccLDO Selection For LDO, the LDO controller supply voltage has to satisfy the following: VCC(LDO) > VLDO(OUT)MAX+VGS(TH)MIN+2VBE Where: VLDO(OUT)MAX is the maximum output voltage VGS(TH)MIN is the minimum LDO MOSFET gate threshold voltage VBE is the diode drop, approximately 0.6V For this example, VGS(TH)MIN of MOSFET IRLR2703s, is 1V. Then: VCC(LDO) > 2.5V+1V+230.6V = 4.7V Select VCCLDO=12V for proper power sequence LDO Feedback Resistor Selection The output of LDO is determined by: VOUT = VREF3(RT+RB)/RB Where: VREF=0.8V RT is the top feedback resistor and R is bottom B feedback resistor. For 2.5V output, if RB=1K then: RT = (VOUT/VREF-1)3RB = (2.5/0.8-1)31K = 2.12K Select Rt=2.15K LDO Soft-Start Capacitor The soft-start capacitor can be estimated from equation (1). Select start up time as 2ms: CSS(LDO) = 20mA3tSTART = 20mA32ms = 0.04mF Select C12=CSS(LDO)=33nF
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IRU3072
Layout Consideration The layout is very important when designing high frequency switching converters. Layout will affect noise pickup and can cause a good design to perform with less than expected results. Start to place the power components, make all the connection in the top layer with wide, copper filled areas. The inductor, output capacitor and the MOSFET should be close to each other as possible. This helps to reduce the EMI radiated by the power traces due to the high switching currents through them. Place input capacitor directly to the drain of the high-side MOSFET, to reduce the ESR replace the single input capacitor with two parallel units. The feedback part of the system should be kept away from the inductor and other noise sources, and be placed close to the IC. In multilayer PCB use one layer as power ground plane and have a control circuit ground (analog ground), to which all signals are referenced. The goal is to localize the high current path to a separate loop that does not interfere with the more sensitive analog control function. These two grounds must be connected together on the PC board layout at a single point.
APPLICATION EXPERIMENTAL WAVEFORMS
for Application Circuit in Figures 1 and 3
Figure 26 - Transient response with 8A load.
Figure 27 - Transient response (zoomed).
Figure 28 - Transient response (zoomed).
Rev. 1.0 3/25/04
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IRU3072
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
3.3V
Q1 IRLR2703
VSEN33 / SDB Drv2
R1 2.15K
Vcc
C1 1uF
VOUT2 2.5V
Fb2
R2 1K
C2
VccLDO
Q2
VOUT3 1.8V
R3 C4 1.24K R4 1K
Drv3 Fb3
Vc
L1 C5 1uF C6 0.1uF
U1 IRU3072
Drv4 Fb4 HDrv
1uH C7 16TPB47M 47uF, 16V
VIN=5V
C8 10uF
Q3
VOUT4 1.5V
R5 C9 C10 866 R6 1K
Q4 IRF7460 R7
L2 1uH
100pF R8 6.8K R9 46.4K C11 10nF
OCSet
6.8K
Comp Rt
LDrv
Q5 IRF7460
VOUT1 1.2V @ 8A
C12 3x 6TPB330M 6.3V, 330uF, 40mV R10
SS1
C13 0.1uF C14 33nF
Fb1 PGnd
R11 1K 1K
SSLDO Gnd
Figure 29 - IRU3072 typical application with one bus input voltage VCC=VBUS=5V and 3.3V for LDO.
3.3V
Q1 IRLR2703
VSEN33 / SDB Drv2
R1
Vcc
C1 1uF
VOUT2 2.5V
Fb2
C2 2.15K R2 1K
VccLDO
12V
Q2
VOUT3 1.8V
R3 C4 1.24K R4 1K
Drv3 Fb3
Vc
C3 1uF L1 C7 16TPB47M 47uF, 16V 1uH
U1 IRU3072
Drv4 Fb4 HDrv OCSet
R7 6.8K Q4 IRF7460
VIN=5V
C8 10uF
Q3
VOUT4 1.5V
R5 C9 C10 866 R6 1K
L2 1uH Q5 IRF7460
100pF R8 6.8K C11 10nF R9 46.4K
VOUT1 0.8V
C12 3x 6TPB330M 6.3V, 330uF, 40mV
Comp Rt SS1
LDrv
Fb1 PGnd
C13 0.1uF
C14 33nF
SSLDO Gnd
Figure 30 - IRU3072 Typical application with 5VBUS input and 12V for the driver (charge pump is saved).
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Rev. 1.0 3/25/04
IRU3072
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
3.3V
Q1 IRLR2703
VSEN33 / SDB
R1 2.15K R2 1K
Vcc
C1 1uF
+5V
Drv2 Fb2 VccLDO
VOUT2 2.5V
C2
C3 1uF
Q2
VOUT3 1.8V
R3 C4 1.24K R4 1K
Drv3 Fb3 Vc
D1
D2 L1
U1 IRU3072
Drv4 Fb4 HDrv
C5 1uF
C6 0.1uF
1uH C7 47uF,16V
VIN=12V
C8 10uF
Q3
VOUT4 1.5V
R5 C9 C10 866 R6 1K
Q4 IRF7460 R7 L2 1uH Q5 IRF7460
82pF R8 10K C11 3.3nF R9 47K C13 0.1uF
OCSet
4.7K
VOUT1 1.2V @ 5A C12 2x 47uF Ceramic
R11 4.64K C15 220pF R12 124K
Comp Rt SS1
LDrv
R10 62K
C14 33nF
SSLDO Fb1 Gnd PGnd
Figure 31 - IRU3072 typical application with ceramic capacitor output.
3.3V
Q1 IRLR2703
VSEN33 / SDB
R1 2.15K R2 1K
Vcc
C1 1uF
R12 200V
Drv2 Fb2
VOUT2 2.5V
C2
VccLDO
Q2
VOUT3 1.8V
R3 C4 1.24K R4 1K
Drv3 Fb3
Vc
L1 C5 1uF C6 0.1uF
U1 IRU3072
Drv4 Fb4 HDrv
C7 16TPB47M 47uF, 16V
1uH C8 10uF
VIN=12V
Q3
VOUT4 1.5V
R5 C9 C10 866 R6 1K
Q4 IRF7460 R7
L2 1uH
220pF R8 3.3K C11 15nF R9 47K
OCSet
6.8K
VOUT1 1.2V
Q5 IRF7460 C12 3x 6TPB330M 6.3V, 330uF, 40mV
Comp Rt
LDrv
R10
SS1
C13 0.1uF C14 33nF
Fb1 PGnd
R11 1K 1K
SSLDO Gnd
Figure 32 - IRU3072 typical application with one bus input voltage VCC=VBUS=12V and 3.3V for LDO.
Rev. 1.0 3/25/04
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21
IRU3072
TYPICAL APPLICATION
R13 1K R12 200V
3.3V
Q1 IRLR2703
VSEN33 / SDB Drv2
R1 2.15K
Vcc
C1 1uF
VOUT2 2.5V
Fb2
R2 1K
C2
VccLDO
Q2
Drv3
R3 1.24K
Vc
L1 C5 1uF C6 0.1uF
VOUT3 1.8V
Fb3
R4 1K
C4
U1 IRU3072
Drv4 Fb4 HDrv
1uH C7 16TPB47M 47uF, 16V
VIN=12V
C8 10uF
Q3
VOUT4 1.5V
R5 C9 C10 866 R6 1K
Q4 IRF7460 R7 L2 1uH Q5 IRF7460
220pF R8 3.3K C11 15nF R9 47K
OCSet
6.8K
VOUT1 3.3V
C12 3x 6TPB330M 6.3V, 330uF, 40mV
Comp Rt
LDrv
R10
SS1
C13 0.1uF C14 33nF
Fb1 PGnd
R11 1K 3.125K
SSLDO Gnd
Figure 33 - IRU3072 typical application with one bus input voltage VCC=VBUS=12V to generate all LDO output.
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Rev. 1.0 3/25/04
IRU3072
(H) MLPQ Package 20-Pin
D D/2 D2 EXPOSED PAD
PIN NUMBER 1 PIN 1 MARK AREA (See Note1)
E/2
E
E2 R
L TOP VIEW
e
BOTTOM VIEW
B
A A3 SIDE VIEW A1
Note 1: Details of pin #1 are optional, but must be located within the zone indicated. The identifier may be molded, or marked features.
SYMBOL DESIG A A1 A3 B D D2 E E2 e L R
20-PIN 4x4
MIN 0.80 0.00 0.18 2.00 2.00 0.45 0.09 NOM 0.90 0.02 0.20 REF 0.23 4.00 BSC 2.15 4.00 BSC 2.15 0.50 BSC 0.55 --MAX 1.00 0.05 0.30 2.25 2.25 0.65 ---
NOTE: ALL MEASUREMENTS ARE IN MILLIMETERS.
Rev. 1.0 3/25/04
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23
IRU3072
PACKAGE SHIPMENT METHOD
PKG DESIG H PACKAGE DESCRIPTION MLPQ 4x4 PIN COUNT 20 PARTS PER TUBE TBD PARTS PER REEL TBD T&R Orientation Fig A
Feed Direction Figure A
This product has been designed and qualified for the industrial market.
IR WORLD HEADQUARTERS: 233 Kansas St., El Segundo, California 90245, USA Tel: (310) 252-7105 TAC Fax: (310) 252-7903 Visit us at www.irf.com for sales contact information Data and specifications subject to change without notice. 02/01
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Rev. 1.0 3/25/04


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